What is subnetting? ISPs allocate IP address ranges to organizations based on the potential number of networks and hosts, or endpoints, that organizations require. Today, the allocations follow the Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) assignment method. The organization then subdivides the allocated address space into smaller allocations for each subnetwork within the organization, using a process called subnetting. The result of subnetting is the number of subnetworks increases, while the number of usable host IP addresses decreases. Each subnetwork is known as an IP subnet. Why use subnetting? Subnetting enables assigned network addresses to be broken into smaller, efficient allocations that are more suitable for each network within the organization. For example, a point-to-point WAN link between two routers only needs two addresses, while a LAN segment may need to support many hosts, such as servers, workstations, laptops and Wi-Fi-connected mobile devices. Subnetting and route sum
Layers of OSI Model(Progress 1) OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the globe. Physical Layer (Layer 1) : The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices. The physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next. When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together. The functions of the physical layer are : 1. Bit synchronization: The physical layer provides the synchronization of the bits by providing a clock. This
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